Critical Analysis of the problems facing manners Europe Coursework

Critical Analysis of the problems facing manners Europe - Coursework Example The challenges are often worsened even more with lack of knowledge about such differences or sensitivity to such differences, which may impact interactions and the manner in which business is done. Sometimes even those who do understand the significance of the national differences, often mistakenly their way of doing things is the best and most successful. Every country at least has some differences in the way business is done, human resource is planned, people are motivated, and even labour laws practised (Plessis, 2010:180; Mead, 2009). The varying values, behaviours, and beliefs that people hold are critical to the success of human resource management of an international business. This paper analyses the various human resource challenges and problems that Manners Europe faces in its Netherlands office. It will do so using various a numbers of theoretical frameworks such as Hall’s High Low context theory and Hofstede’s five dimensions theory to critically understand t hese problems. Case analysis Problems facing Manners Europe Based on the case experience of Manners Europe, it can be noted that the company division is faced with operational and people management problems. This can be attributed to the different ways that the Dutch carry about their business operations and the export of the parent company’s United States management style in the Netherlands business operations management. The key problems noted from Manners Europe situation include: Problems in motivational tactics used Problems in reward management Communication problems Problems in effective recruiting and retention of employees Problem with management style Problem as to whether a European or American as Tom Steiger’s successor These problems are as analysed below: Problems in motivational tactics used Different people value different things and it is these things valued that often impact the kind of motivation strategies. This implies that motivation is highly imp acted by culture as it is culture that impacts the values that people hold. It is imperative that what employee value and what motivates be clearly understood so that effective working motivation strategies can be employed (Hofstede, 2011). This denotes that in order to understand the problems as to why the pay for performance motivation tactics currently used in Manners Europe are not working it is imperative to understand what the Dutch value and what motivates them based on their cultures. Analysing case based on the Dutch culture using Gert Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions (Mead, 2009; Brewster, Sparrow, and Vernon, 2011), it can be noted that the Dutch are more individualistic persons who places prefer a loosely knit social network and place high value in taking care of their own needs and those of their immediate families only rather than groups. This is clearly noted in the employees’ emphasis on meeting their social needs and the needs of their families rath er than feeling obliged to meet the needs of the organisation (Verburg et al, 1999:397; Hofstede, 2011). The Dutch are less aggressive and competitive but rather place great emphasis on the quality of life and a good work life balance, and also place a high value on codes of beliefs (Tod, 2004:28; Hofstede, 2011). The business ethics between the Dutch and Americans are different. While

Age and gender influences on fashion

Age and gender influences on fashion Fashion orientation In our contemporary society, we may not understand fashion, you may not like fashion, but most of us can not not come into contact with fashion. Craik (1994) said that fashion is confusing, interesting, exciting, obsessive-compulsive. Whether we like it or not, it has greatly influenced with people even those who want to avoid it. What is the fashion? Fashion have experienced a serious of style popular during a specfic period of time(Nystrom,1928).Craik (1994) can divided into two ways: West High Fashion and Everyday Fashion; High Fashion refers haute coutureor elite designer fashion, Everyday Fashion is people everyday clothing, so everyday Fashion Street Fashion another similar statement. Fashion can be explained as psychology, sociology, and consumer behaviour studies. fashion will be described as a social and psychological response to the external environment (Westers,1966). What is the fashion orientation? Fashion Orientation defined wearing different style of clothing items make a gorgeous overall look(Evelyn,2005). Fashion orientation can be describes when consumer go shopping, they always look for fashionable items(Ko and Kincade 2007). consumer do not lost interested in fashion even time goes by. fashion orientation represents when it come out with fashion awareness, it can not ignore how important people’s life-style are. Because fashion comes from human daily life, life style includes people living and spending time and money† (Engel, Blackwell, Miniard, 1990, p. 342). People can be not mentioned about their values in their lifestyles and a life style has great impact on fashion orientation. Moreover, according to GutmanMills (1982) study, it described fashion orientation comprised of four dimensions: fashion interest, importance of being well dressed and anti-fashion attitude and fashion leadership. Darley johnson (1993) mentioned that fashion orientation is fashi on innovativeness together with fashion leadership. Both Jonathan and William defined fashion orientation is in relation to shopping orientation. a few studies analysis that fashion orientation should be separated from shopping orientation together. In this study, it consist of four dimensions based on Gunmans study: fashion interest, fashion leadership and importance of being well dressed and anti fashion attitude. Gutman and Mill theory According to Gutman and Mills(1982)mail survey with 6,261 female respondents, it created a fashion scale with its four dimensions: 1) fashion leadership, 2) fashion interest, 3) importance of being well-dressed, and 4) anti fashion attitude. This study was cited in many researches currently. Fashion Leadership The character of Fashion leadership is a good sense of fashion trends, knowledge of fashion trends and a self conscious concept of clothing.Many people think that if someone is very familiar for a product, and often ask them related questionsto this person can be called opinion leaders, the advantages of fashion leader is that they can influence people attitudes or behavior toward fashion due to the wealth of knowledge, expert ability and correctly filtering variety of product information. Because the new fashion styles need to be adopted for a period of time(Barber Lobel, 1952), fashion leaders should be very active in social activities and close to other people, they play a vital role in the community and make people accept style innovation by influential power.(Workman Johnson, 1993). Moreover, because fashion leaders affect not only customer purchase decision but also give the marketers fashion ideas and advice. Summers and King (1969) defined female clothing fashion opinion le aders are care about trying new products and building up fashion knowledge about new clothing collection. Similarly, Myers and Robertson (1972) examined opinion leadership should have wide range of fashion knowledge such as women’s clothing, fashion, cosmetics, and personal care and are willing to discuss fashion thing with people and spend lot of time women’s clothing and fashions. Because fashion leaders prefer share new fashion collection and propose a unique opinion, these features of fashion leader can good to develop the other aspects of fashion orientations such as fashion interest, importance of being-well dressed, and antifashion attitude (Evan, 1989; Morganosky Vreeman, 1986; Wilkie, 1990). Fashion interest According to Katz Lazarsfield (1960), the definition of fashion interest is that a person who is interested in clothes, makeup and hair styles. High level of fashion interest people prefer spend a large amount of time on exploring the latest fashion collections and trends such as reading fashion magazine and purchasing lastest clothes collection. Also, they collect widely various clothes associated with different events. The Importance of Being Well Dressed Importance of being well-dressed refers that standing out group with appropriate dressing, reflecting one’s good life, and dressing representing their opinion of themselves(Summers,Belleau Wozniak 992). For example, when people go to interview with a well dress, they think the clothes make people have good impression on them. Another example is that people with high attire believe their clothes show that the self-image is. The important part of goals is their self- satisfaction. When it is low, people do not care about their outfit. In other word, they think there is no correlation between their clothing and their self image. Anti-fashion attitude Anti-fashion attitude means that people do not care about fashion and not buy so-fashionable clothing. They think that buying fashion clothing is a way to waste money and they do not like listening so-called fashion expert what to wear. In other word, in term of their shopping process and attitudes, they are often apathetic. people who have the antifashion attitude do not regard current fashion and fashion leaders’ opinions when they make a decision on their clothes. Thus, those with antifashion attitudes tend to display unfavorable attitudes toward fashion. Fashion is a visual communication of one to others, and fashion orientation as a theory of fashion expresses the psychological aspects of self through a self-concept. An individual’s own ideas of self develop self-concept theory, and self-concept influences fashion orientation. Relevant studies on fashion orientation In this study, the authors intend to test the scale, originally developed for females, with current male and female fashion shoppers. Gender roles have greatly impact on fashion shopper in social environment.(Otnes and McGrath, 2001). According to Kwon(1987)research, it found that current male and female fashion shoppers.are affected by different motivating factors. For woman, their concept of clothing may in relation to self-enhancement, whereas man may have positive relationship between the concept of appeal and social status. Another research is that Kwon (1991) found that when woman chose their fashion clothing, they will affect by mood states more than man do. There are many conflict findings about fashion consciousness. Kinley, Conrad and Brown (2001) found that woman are more fashion awareness than men counterpart, other research findings show that young male shoppers are more fashion awareness than female young shoppers(Manrai et al. 2001). Another similar research is that fashion conscious for generation Y male shoppers in the UK were important but there is not clear relationship between fashion consciousn ess and new fashion style (Bakewell, Mitchell, and Rothwell2000). In terms of clothing-fashion lifestyle segment, Gutman and Mills (1982) proposed that there is correlation between the concept of fashion orientation and shopping orientation. According to some studies, it examined that people purchase product, shopping orientations will generate different preferences(Darden Reynolds, 1972). Gutman and Mills(1982) reported that fashion orientations consist of four major dimensions: fashion leadership, fashion interest, importance of being well dressed, and antifashion attitude which connect with shopping behavior, clothing-fashion lifestylesegment, and compulsive consumer purchase behaviour.(Chung, 1996; Darley Johnson, 1993; Huddleston, Ford, Bickle, 1993; Lee, Park, Chung, 2004; Park Burns, 2005). GutmanMills (1982) defined that fashion orientation to have three dimensions:fashion priority(fashion interest, importance of being well dressed and anti-fashion attitude), time frame and initiative (fashion leadership). Darley johnson (1993) defined fashion orientation to comprise of fashion innovativeness and fashion opinion leadership. Both Jonathan and William analyzed fashion orientation together with shopping orientation. Little work has been done on fashion orientation separately since many scholars consider fashion orientation and shopping orientation together. Although Huddleston (1993) used fashion orientation to identify lifestyle characteristics that directly related to shopping behavior and Lumpkin (1985) included it as a variable in identifying shopping orientation segments, it might still be necessary to indentify shopping orientation and fashionOrientation separately. In this thesis we define fashion orientation to consist of three dimensions based on Gunmans elimita tion: fashion interest, fashion leadership and importance of being well dressed. The younger, the more fashionable Rose (1989) indicated that in the nineteenth century, the difference between children and adult was officially appeared on legal and social, before that children are living with what adults think such as children clothing follow the footsteps of adult clothing. design the children wear was not special in the past. As long as adult clothing are immersed in fashion concept, they will be extended to the field of childrens clothing. This phenomenon from a historical point of view is quite reasonable. How do fashion enter the field of childrens clothing? Firstly, it is common global phenomenon that our birth rate is gradually dropping. In competitive society, people are busier and busier, the population are getting married at a more and more later age. Under the circumstances, salary figures are is out of proportion to the number of children. According to United Nations estimation, the worlds total fertility rate from 1950 to 1955 of 4.92 people, down to 2000 to 2005 of 2.67 people (United NationsPopulation Division, 2009); lower total fertility rate in Taiwan, Taiwans fertility rate of women in 2006 only 1.115 people, compared to 2.515 in 1980, and plentifully reduced by about 56% (Ministry of the Interior Department of Justice, 2007). Whether or not in Taiwan or other developing or developed countries, falling birthrates might lead to childrens products a considerable change on supply and demand market. In term of consumer demand , after the raise of quality of life the awaking of individual consciousness, parent are focus more on all aspects of their daily life quality for example, they see the children as their own unique treasure and they expect give them enjoyable ilfe in the material and spiritual life. In modern times, parents are willing to spend the money on their baby; therefore childrens clothing demand will be more and more branding and fashionable, meanwhile and also promote the development of brand management on childrens clothing. Moreover, going out with the well dressed children do not only show their parents own taste, but also meet their unique personal style. and even some parents want children go to school wearing designer clothing to care about their own and their children feeling. Consumer demand for childrens wear has entered emotional consumptionthe stage, high purchasing power family toward childrens wear is to meet childrens emotional and spiritual life. When parents chose the children wear, the clothing which is to meet social status of the family or to reflect the style and personality is very important factors for parents. brand clothing in Japan is expensive, but it is always able to break record of high sales figures in the annual Golden Week in Japan. Those fashionable and young Japanese female consumers who have children usually pursuit fashion, it will not stop because of the mothers identity, and even want to wear the same style of clothing as their children. These situation has expanded childrens wear market. In the market of supply aspect, due to a small number of children, the amount of consumers are naturally failing. In this case, the children industry wants to survive and trys to introduce high-priced goods to the market to get customers attention who has a small number of children and good economy. In Taiwan, there are lots of luxurious childrens wear reports, it refers a market phenomenon that in many countries high-priced adult clothing brands are starting to have to join with childrens wear. For instance, according to the Apple Daily news, it reported the famous Taiwan brand les Enphants decided to start selling Armani Junior childrens clothing; also liberty Times Holiday introduced many Hollywood celebritiess childrens fashion wear. Changes in consumer attitude and purchasing power lead high spending power on childrens market the important reason is that fashion concept fights into childrens market. Childrens clothing industry holdsof high spending power parents and focus on parent mind that care about childrens appearance so the industry introduce stylish clothing to childrens wear market. Fashion in contemporary world show how influential on childrens clothing. Moreover the word fashiona gradually emerges by many foreign magazines, designers and consumer society and so-called Kids Fashion Expertappears in response to childrens fashion trends. For example, a New York childrens fashion expert Michelle Kouzmine (2005) indicated that children fashion has begun to seriously attention in today.

A Raisin in the Sun Essay: Importance of Deferred Dreams

Importance of Deferred Dreams in A Raisin in the Sun      Ã‚   A dream is a hope, a wish, and an aspiration. Young people have dreams about what they want to be when they grow up. Parents have dreams for their children's future. Not all of these dreams come true at the desired moment - these dreams are postponed or "deferred". A deferred dream is put on the "back burner of life"(Jemie 219), and it matures to its full potential, and is waiting when you are "ready to pursue it"(Jemie 219). It is assumed that the deferred event, though later than hoped for, will eventually come true.    Deferred dreams are a significant component of "A Raisin in the Sun"; the word "dream" is used a total of fourteen times throughout the play. Mama, from "A Raisin in the Sun", experienced a "dream deferred" (Hughes). Mamas dreams were for the happiness of her children, and a new house. She and her husband Big Walter put everything they had into getting that house "with a little garden in the back" (Hansberry). When she gets the insurance payment after her husbands death and puts money down on a house in Clybourne Park, she is ecstatic. The dream was deferred many times. She and Big Walter simply didn't have the money to purchase a house and move out of the apartment. "I s... ...ill likely come true.    Works Cited: Hansberry, Lorraine.   A Raisin in the Sun.   New York:   Signet, 1988. Hughes, Langston. "Dream Deferred." Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. Ed. Thomas R. Arp. Ft. Worth: HBJ, 1998. 637. Jemie, Onwuchekwa. "Langston Hughes." CLC. Vol. 35. Ed. Daniel G. Marowski. Detroit: Gale, 1985. 219-220. King, Martin Luther, Jr. "A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. James M. Washington. San Francisco: Harper, 1986. Wintz, Gary D. "Langston Hughes." CLC. Vol. 10. Ed. Dedria Bryfonski. Detroit: Gale, 1979. 279-280.

Principles for Duty of Care

Principles for implementing duty of care When people interact with each other each has a duty of care to the other. ‘Duty of care: a requirement to exercise a reasonable degree of attention and caution to avoid negligence which would lead to harm to other people. ’ safeguarding contributes to duty of care as children and babies are dependant on adults to care and protect them from harm, we safeguard children by carrying out risk assessments, observing and assessing their development, understanding the ways children may be abused and setting clear expectations for childrens behaviour.Children have rights, such as those set out in the UN convention on the rights of the child Parents rights are modified by their responsibilities towards the children. The childrens’ act 1989 made clear that it is the welfare of the child that is paramount. Childrens rights are often given priority, overriding those of the parent. Potential conflicts or dilemmas might arise between am imdividuals rights and the duty of care, these can be:Risk Taking Duty of care could conflict with childrens rights to have experiances which further there development and learning its essential children learn how to predict and acoid dangerous situation, if you wrap a child in cotton wool you are taking their duty of care too far. ConfidentialityIt is essential that sensitive information is kept confidential. However childrens safety and welfare is kept paramount. This conflict becomes more apparent when safeguarding children from abuse. Information must be shared between profecionals in the intrest of the child. Sometimes without consent of the parents.I would discard my duty of care to support childrens rights to gain life skills on how to cope with tricky situations. When dealing with confidentiality your duty of care to protect a child or children from abuse must be balanced with the families rights to have private information treated confidentially. I could get additional sup port and advice from my manager, supervisor or team leaders.

Coca-Cola Back In Burma

The Important question that must be answered when analyzing this situation is how Coca-Cola will be able to mitigate the risks Involved with the Instability of the lattice and economic system in Burma. Despite the release of Nuns San Sue Sky, the political situation remains unstable with vast internal disagreement over governance. The international political landscape of the country has made a sharp turn with the severance of ties to North Korea and the rebuilding of relationships with the West. These political relationships have paved the way to cooperative economic developments.The economic development of Burma has been on the rise for the last two decades, with economic growth taking an optimistic Jump of 6 percent in March 2013. The end to the economic sanctions placed by countries such as the United States is contributing to the inflow of foreign capital investment. Additionally the release of the sanctions opened the floor for the development of trade agreements, namely free tr ade agreements and bilateral investment agreements, between Burma and other countries to facilitate further economic growth. In 2012 a Foreign Direct Investment Law was introduced, providing a significant legal issue for foreign investors.FED is customary trialed under the principles of customary law. However, Burma has not signed onto the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitrarily Awards. This creates an unfriendly legal environment for foreign Investors, as Investment Issues are to be trialed In local courts tightly controlled by government with military Influence. Hypothesis The long-term solution that Coca-Cola should pursue Is an International Joint venture between their Crystal Springs bottling plant and a credible bottling partner In Burma.Any companies under U. S sanctions will not be considered so to ensure the credibility of the partner company. Coca-Cola will have 70% ownership of the ewe company, giving the Burmese side 30% control. Thi s will ensure Coke maintains governance over operations and decision making, while protecting their investment. This Is Important considering the Joint venture will be structured so that the domestic asset owner bears the risk of expropriation, which will Increase expertise, sharing of resources and knowledge, and less risk.When the Joint venture first occurs there will be an inflow of knowledge and experienced laborers to ease transition into the Burmese business environment. Considering the political and economic instability and that the country has a culture very different than that of the U. S, it will be beneficial to develop a close relationship with the Burmese culture and business environment. The short-term solution that Coke should implement is a standardized alternative too BIT. This alternative will be a public report that outlines all the rules, regulations, and codes that Coca-Cola expects all employees and suppliers to adhere by.It will outline financial regulations, outside investments, political instability and human rights issues. Most importantly, any violation of the ode will be investigated under an Ethics Committee, hired by Coke. Similar to a BIT, this code will allow for international arbitration, which is beneficial as domestic courts can be avoided for disputes. This alternative will make public all the standards that Coke expects regarding human rights and the security and safety of investments. Transparency is a powerful tool in alleviating risk.The more public the information is, the safer Coke's investments are to corruption and the higher the value is for shareholders. Implementation The implementation of the international Joint venture is a detailed process. Coca-Cola will maintain 70% ownership, which will allow for Coke to be the dominant decision maker. Domestic management will be hired and will have a say in the decision making process of the Joint venture firm. For example, domestic employees will be integral in the marketi ng department where culture is important. The partner chosen for the venture needs to be credible and trusted; therefore no companies under U.S sanctions will be considered. There will also be ample research done to find a partner that has similar business goals and values to ease the transition. Second, up to date research will be conducted to acquire as much information on Burmese business practices and the political and economic environment. The international human resource team will have to develop a compensation structure, programs to train expatriates in local business culture, ensuring expatriates smooth transition into the country, maintain a strict code for all employees to abide by, and develop employee performance reports.Furthermore, there will be performance assessments made to ensure the Joint venture is profitable after implementation. If he venture is not profitable there will be agreement to what conditions need to be met to terminate the Joint venture. A crucial pa rt of the implementation of Coca- Cola's alternative to the BIT is to hire a due diligence team. This consists of external auditors and independent experts, to create rules and regulations regarding financial, outside investments, political instability, and human rights issues that all Coca-Cola employees must follow.Performing a due diligence process contributes information available to decision makers, while engaging with a broad range of takeovers. American and Burmese consultants will be hired to help conduct the due diligence process that will result in a mutually beneficial set of rules and regulations. Furthermore, the alternative to the BIT must be public, allowing for transparency, which is essential to increasing shareholder value. Risk Factors for Joint Venture In regards to the Joint venture, there are various risk factors that might hinder the performance of the firm going forward.While there is synergy to be gained from the firms taking advantage of their specializatio n, differences in management styles and cultural differences can result in disputes, which will affect the short-term success of the firm. The main factor that leads to risks in international joint ventures is poor planning and implementation, which will be mitigated through Coca-Cola's research and experience in entering new markets. Finding an optimal partner and having 70% control will also reduce the risk that the two companies will have disputes over goals, management, and decisions made.If the venture meets the conditions to be terminated the process outlined for termination will be followed. Political and legal risk also play a part, as the new legal entity is 30% Burmese owned, which makes the venture subject to laws and regulations that might not affect Coca- Cola as a multi-national corporation and vice versa. Salary scale differences might also cause issues with human rights groups, which might accuse Coca-Cola of taking advantage of the local workforce by paying a low wa ge as compared to international standards.Despite having a 70% controlling share, Coca-Cola will not have full input when setting long term strategic goals as there will be a shared American-Burmese board of directors, causing less flexibility for Coca-Cola. However, after a thorough due diligence process, Coca-Cola will be experts in making decisions with Burmese law considered. The BIT alternative will also serve as a way to mitigate political risk as it sets a standard for all Coca-Cola employees to follow and allows for international arbitration.Moreover, Joint ventures mitigate expropriation risk, which help protect foreign investments in Burma. Analyzing Alternatives Solutions Alternative 1: An alternative to the Joint venture is for Coke to establish a subsidiary many to take over manufacturing operations in Burma. As the uncertain political and legal situation in Burma is risky and prone to shocks, a subsidiary company will allow Coke to diversity its risk exposure.The risk of human rights violations and political problems arising from operations and negatively effecting Coca- Cola's brand will be reduced, which is one of the firm's most valuable assets. Considerations to be taken into account for this strategy are that it does not completely absolve Coke from responsibilities regarding possible for any financial problems. Furthermore, it is still possible for bad publicity to affect the Coca-Cola brand name, as there is a direct link from the subsidiary to its parent company.Alternative 2: A second option is an alternate business model for Coca- Cola's business operations in Burma. Manufacturing and bottling can take place nearby in a more stable political environment (e. G. Thailand). This will allow the firm to bypass many of the risks of operating in Burma as operating manufacturing is a complex process, which includes hiring of workers, it is capital intensive, human resource issues may arise and there will be a cultural gap. However, import tarif fs into Burma and export tariffs in Thailand will be extra costs.Moreover, the tax rate in Thailand may also be unfavorable as compared to in Burma, and the transportation and delivery cost of getting Coca-Cola products across countries may decrease the profitability margins of its Burma operations. Conclusion The action plan that is recommended to take involves a two-part solution. In the short term the company will create a standardized alternative to a BIT. This public report will outline company rules and regulations. Violations are to be investigated via Coca-Cola's Ethics Committee.Most importantly, this alternative allows for international arbitration, which mitigates expropriation risk and thus, protects investments. In the long term it is recommended that the Crystal Springs bottling plant be a Joint venture of Coca-Cola and a local, credible, bottler. The set structure in which the local bottler is the bearer of risk expropriation will reduce the negative impact of potenti al government actions, which will help protect investments. These recommendations were crafted carefully to allow Coca-Cola to safely allow foreign direct investments amidst the unstable legal system of Burma.

A Profound Commonsensical Notion Management Essay Essays

A Profound Commonsensical Notion Management Essay Essays A Profound Commonsensical Notion Management Essay Essay A Profound Commonsensical Notion Management Essay Essay a profound commonsense impression that would be sanely taken up by people in charge of any human endeavor in which work undertakings are undertaken and where there is a concern for that endeavor to go on into the hereafter as a feasible societal and economic unit. Many companies are using low-skilled work force, which leads to hapless outperforming, holds and losingss. In order to maintain its fight, every company should be carefully selective, when it comes down to its employees. Not qualified workers can be the administration a batch. A scenario like this happened at Utility Plc. While some packs could travel old ages without striking belowground public-service corporations when puting pipe, other packs hit electric, H2O, or gas services on a monthly footing. Given that all staff hold certifications of competency on the surface ( Macpherson, 2009 ) . Crucial point for the hereafter development of an administration is the employment of high-qualified workers, who will merely lend to the development of the company and its enlargement. As it is non ever possible to engage qualified work force, a company should fix the new staff member for the place. An illustration of an administration which has successfully adopted this pattern of HRM is the hotel concatenation Garland Hotels. The developing strategy involves the trainee working in at least three different hotels ( Pilbeam, 2010 ) . Such a long preparation procedure has high aims as: delivering high client service criterions, working as portion of the squad for each country, lending to staffing determinations, budgetary control and developing an all-around apprehension of the hotel concern ( Pilbeam, 2010 ) . A major job for some companies is the keeping of employees. The organisation is wholly at loss when the employees leave their occupation once they are to the full trained ( Employee Retention, article ) . Different grounds for turnovers may happen, but normally the chief ground is employees dissatisfaction. In order to forestall these instances, directors foremost need to seek the job and so seek to work out it. Bettering workers footings and conditions, or altering working agreements may be great get downing points. Purcell et Al. ( 2005 ) reported in a survey of early calling instructors that most common grounds for go forthing were work loads and working hours. A batch of people find their on the job clip inappropriate and even sometimes make up ones mind to go forth, because it do them more stressed in the procedure. Furthermore McGovern et Al. ( 2004 ) found groundss to propose that non-standard employment ( parttime, impermanent and fixed-term ) disproportionately increased workers exposure to bad occupation features ( low wage no ill wage commissariats, no pension strategy and no entree to recognized promotional ladder ) . Taking under consideration all these possible jobs, administrations should restrict to the HRM patterns, to do certain their employees do non hold a sensible alibi to go forth. Even unhappy about passing a batch of money on maintaining their workers, administrations should think the fact that in most of the instances it is cheaper to do some alterations alternatively of paying for new workers preparation or suffer losingss due to slackens in the production procedure because of a impermanent deficiency of work force. Another HRM pattern, that all modern-day administrations need to follow in order to work swimmingly is HR planning. The demand for strategic work force planning and executing of work force programs has neer been greater for administrations ( Lavelle 2007:371 ) . Contemporary companies need to follow HR planning, although work force planning is rather hard, because people have free will, unlike engineerings or capitals. It can be of critical importance for an administration to do short-run planning. It can non bring forth schemes, but it can do them operational by clear uping them, working out the effects of them, and placing what must be done to accomplish each scheme ( Torrington, 2011 ) . Nowadays, companies can non let holds in production, thinking the terrible competition on the market. Allowing holds can coerce the costumiers alter them with another, option, provider. Good planning can forestall this from go oning, so that companies will non see any clients grudge or even a po ssible client loss. However, programs should be viewed as flexible and reviewed on a regular basis, instead than being seen as an terminal point in the procedure ( Torrington, 2011 ) . It is important for administrations to construct trust in their employees, but trust demands to be earned. A batch of companies confine to rules as surveillance and punishments. Such attitude toward the employees puts them under force per unit area, or even worse, physiques in them a feeling of indifference. Inevitably it leads to low productiveness and severally holds. Companies need to follow Soft HRM in order to forestall dissatisfaction among their workers and maintain the administration operate swimmingly. HRM has its accent on developing and puting in human capital, fostering employee trueness and supplying good rewarded and fulfilling work ( Wilton, 2011 ) . A batch of employees are non happy with the provided working environment and frequently experience under force per unit area, caused by the sum of work they need to make for a truly short periods of clip. Furthermore, in most of the instances, even if they are motivated and make more work than they are supposed to, they s till will non be rewarded for this. That is why many people go to work with no desire or motive, strictly pressed by the demand of money. Research by Guest and Conway ( 2004 ) found, after the interview of one 1000 UK employees, that feelings of equity sing their intervention at work were low, but trust in senior directors was even lower. Administrations need to do certain that they provide a pleasant, friendly and supportive working environment in order to maintain their employees happy, so they can be more productive and devoted to the work. A perfect illustration is the state of affairs at Occam. Their managers are really clear on the civilization they want to keep as the company grows, which they have discussed with everyone: relaxed but professional working environment, larning from errors non faulting and basking work ( ULMS 151 ) . Many researches show that sometimes small is needed to do employees experience of import and unreplaceable, which leads to higher surpassing. A great illustration for this is the Hawthorne research, begun in the mid-1920s ( ULMS 151 ) . A group of employees working in a trial room were given some privileges that the other workers were non. Right now I could non inquire for anything better than I have. We are allowed to travel down and lie on the couch when we are tired or do non experience good, and the matron was told non to state anything to us . ( Roethlisberger and Dickson, 1964: 144 ) As markets become more unpredictable and dynamic, modern-day administrations need to follow labour flexibleness in order to get by with the quickly altering concern environment. It has become standard wisdom that stiff bureaucratic signifiers of administration, characterised by perpendicular hierarchies of authorization, centralization of control and undertaking specializations, are non adoptable or antiphonal plenty to get by with the demands of twenty-first-century capitalist economy ( Wilton, 2011 ) . Main end for all administrations should be the flexibleness and adaptability of its work force in order to cover with the current concern environment. Companies need to do structural alterations as retrenchment and delayering. However, it may hold a profound deduction on workers in footings of occupation content, occupation security and employee motive ( Child and McGrath, 2001 ) . Flexible on the job patterns are introduced for a batch of grounds, associating to fulfilling workers demands and bettering the public presentation of administrations. An expected result of the application of these patterns is the decrease of labor costs. Fleetwood ( 2007 ) says that the ultimate aim of that pattern is: To hold merely the right figure of suited skilled and motivated workers to fit the demands of the productive system at any point in clip and to engage them at rewards that reflect their differing productiveness and when the productive system does non demand all of them, it does non desire them on the premises and does non desire to pay for them. ( 2007:13 ) Human Resource Management is a construct started in 1980s and now it is working in wide manner in the organisations than Personnel Management ( History of Human Resource Managementm, article ) . In the fast moving concern universe, administrations need to follow new patterns in order to get by with all the challenges. HRM patterns help the modern-day organisations to get by with low-skilled employees, turnovers of workers, HP planning, trust generating, labour flexibleness and others. Adopting HRM, companies will forestall holds in production and respectively losingss. Zotefoams achieved the highest net income and productiveness of all the companies taking topographic point in the University of Sheffield research. Their HR patterns included authorising the employees to find work precedences, trade with quality issues and work out daily jobs ( West and Patterson, 1998 ) . If an administration has high aims for its hereafter development, it should restrict to these patterns, or it may disappear as many other companies.

Free Essays on Great Expectations

Influence on Great Expectations Many characters influence Pip’s life in Great Expectations. He learns many important lessons while interacting with each of these characters. The role of Pip in Great Expectations is developed through the positive and negative influences of Joe, Magwitch and Miss Havisham. Joe is one of the influences that affect’s Pip from a very early stage. Joe gives him a sense of honesty, friendliness, generosity, diligence and dignity. Joe is continually faithful to Pip throughout the entire novel. Joe is constantly being abused by Mrs. Joe without defending himself. Mrs. Joe uses the â€Å"tickler† and tar-water to punish Joe and Pip (chapter 2). This shows how Joe has a weak side to his character; Pip sees through this and doesn’t admire the trait. When Pip was close to death Joe arrives to aid him (chapter 57). He takes care of Pip and leaves without being thanked. This reinforces all the values he had as a child sensed in Joe but could not fully understand. Later on as the story draws to an end, Pip learns to do honest labor. He looks back and realizes that he too, like Joe, is a working man. Through Magwitch Pip learns to become a gentleman, Magwitch’s gratitude and his own redemption during the third stage of Great Expectations. Magwitch also instilled fear in a young Pip. At the first encounter of Magwitch and Pip the convict tells Pip that he will not eat his heart and liver, but that another convict will do so (chapter 1). Pip is even forced to steal and lie for the convict. Pip goes through most of the novel believing Miss. Havisham is his benefactress and when he discovers that it is Magwitch his perspectives about his expectations completely change. Pip is revolted by the man he once felt sorrow and sympathy for. The time he spends with Magwitch from when he arrives to the sad moment of his death, Pip learns again many things he had forgotte... Free Essays on Great Expectations Free Essays on Great Expectations Influence on Great Expectations Many characters influence Pip’s life in Great Expectations. He learns many important lessons while interacting with each of these characters. The role of Pip in Great Expectations is developed through the positive and negative influences of Joe, Magwitch and Miss Havisham. Joe is one of the influences that affect’s Pip from a very early stage. Joe gives him a sense of honesty, friendliness, generosity, diligence and dignity. Joe is continually faithful to Pip throughout the entire novel. Joe is constantly being abused by Mrs. Joe without defending himself. Mrs. Joe uses the â€Å"tickler† and tar-water to punish Joe and Pip (chapter 2). This shows how Joe has a weak side to his character; Pip sees through this and doesn’t admire the trait. When Pip was close to death Joe arrives to aid him (chapter 57). He takes care of Pip and leaves without being thanked. This reinforces all the values he had as a child sensed in Joe but could not fully understand. Later on as the story draws to an end, Pip learns to do honest labor. He looks back and realizes that he too, like Joe, is a working man. Through Magwitch Pip learns to become a gentleman, Magwitch’s gratitude and his own redemption during the third stage of Great Expectations. Magwitch also instilled fear in a young Pip. At the first encounter of Magwitch and Pip the convict tells Pip that he will not eat his heart and liver, but that another convict will do so (chapter 1). Pip is even forced to steal and lie for the convict. Pip goes through most of the novel believing Miss. Havisham is his benefactress and when he discovers that it is Magwitch his perspectives about his expectations completely change. Pip is revolted by the man he once felt sorrow and sympathy for. The time he spends with Magwitch from when he arrives to the sad moment of his death, Pip learns again many things he had forgotte...

Biography of Betsy Ross, American Icon

Biography of Betsy Ross, American Icon Betsy Ross (January 1, 1752–January 30, 1836) was a colonial seamstress who is usually credited with creating the first American flag. During the American Revolution, Ross made flags for the navy. After her death, she became a model of patriotism and a key figure in the legend of early American history. Fast Facts Known For: According to legend, Betsy Ross made the first American flag in 1776.Also known As: Elizabeth Griscom Ross, Elizabeth Ashburn, Elizabeth ClaypooleBorn: January 1, 1752 in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaParents: Samuel and Rebecca James GriscomDied: January 30, 1836 in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaSpouse(s): John Ross (m. 1773-1776), Joseph Ashburn (m. 1777–1782), John Claypoole (m. 1783–1817)Children: Harriet Claypoole, Clarissa Sidney Claypoole, Jane Claypoole, Aucilla Ashburn, Susannah Claypoole, Elizabeth Ashburn Claypoole, Rachel Claypoole Early Life Betsy Ross was born Elizabeth Griscom in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on January 1, 1752. Her parents were Samuel and Rebecca James Griscom. Ross was the great-granddaughter of a carpenter, Andrew Griscom, who had arrived in New Jersey in 1680 from England. As a youth, Ross likely attended Quaker schools and learned needlework there and at home. When she married John Ross, an Anglican, in 1773, she was expelled from the Friends Meeting for marrying outside the meeting. She eventually joined the Free Quakers, or Fighting Quakers, who did not adhere strictly to the historic pacifism of the sect. The Free Quakers supported the American colonists in their struggle against the British crown. Ross and her husband began an upholstery business together, drawing on her needlework skills. John was killed in January 1776 on militia duty when gunpowder exploded at the Philadelphia waterfront. After his death, Ross acquired property and kept up the upholstery business, making flags for the Pennsylvania Navy and tents, blankets, and other materials for the Continental Army. The Story of the First Flag According to legend, Ross made the first American flag in 1776 after a visit in June from George Washington, Robert Morris, and her husbands uncle, George Ross. She demonstrated to them how to cut a five-pointed star with a single clip of the  scissors if the fabric were folded correctly. This story was not told until 1870 by Rosss grandson William Canby, and even he claimed that it was a story that needed confirmation (a few other seamstresses from that era also claimed to have made the first American flag). Most scholars agree that it was likely not Ross who made the first flag, though she was a flagmaker who, according to historian Marla Miller, was paid in 1777 by the Pennsylvania State Navy Board for making Ships [sic] Colours, c. After Rosss grandson told his story of her involvement with the first flag, it quickly became legend. First published in Harpers Monthly in 1873, the story was included in many school textbooks by the mid-1880s. The story became popular for several reasons. For one, changes in womens lives, and social recognition of such changes, made discovering a founding mother to stand alongside the founding fathers attractive to the American imagination. Betsy Ross was not only a widow making her own way in life with her young child- she was twice widowed during the  American Revolution- but she was also earning a living in the traditionally female occupation of a seamstress. (Notice that her abilities to buy and manage land never made it into her legend, and are ignored in many biographies.) Another factor in the Ross legend was growing patriotic fever connected with the American flag. This required a tale that was more than just a business transaction, such as the (plausible but disputed) story of Francis Hopkinson, who allegedly created the stars-and-stripes design for the flag along with the design for the first U.S. coin. Finally, the growing advertising industry made the image of a woman with a flag popular and used it to sell a variety of products (even flags). Second and Third Marriages In 1777, Ross married sailor Joseph Ashburn, who had the misfortune of being on a ship captured by the British in 1781. He died in prison the following year. In 1783, Ross married again. This time her husband was John Claypoole, who had been in prison with Joseph Ashburn and who had met Ross when he delivered Josephs farewells to her. She spent the following decades, with help from her daughter Clarissa, making flags and banners for various departments of the U.S. government. In 1817, her husband died after a long illness and Ross soon retired from work to live with her daughter Susanna on a farm outside of Philadelphia. During the final years of her life, Ross went blind, though she continued to attend Quaker meetings. Death Betsy Ross died on January 30, 1836, at the age of 84. She was reburied in the Free Quaker Burying Ground in 1857. In 1975, the remains were moved once again and reinterred on the grounds of the Betsy Ross House in Philadelphia. Legacy After her death, Ross became a prominent character in the story of Americas founding while many other stories of womens involvement in the American Revolution were forgotten or ignored. Like Johnny Appleseed and Paul Bunyan, she is now one of the countrys most prominent folk heroes. Today, a tour of Betsy Rosss home in Philadelphia (there is some doubt about its authenticity, too) is a must-see when visiting historical sites. The home, established with the aid of 2 million 10-cent contributions by American schoolchildren, is a unique and informative place. One can begin to see what home life was like for families in the early colonial era and remember the disruption and inconvenience, even tragedy, that war brought to women as well as to men during the American Revolution. Even if she did not make the first American flag, Ross was still an example of what many women of her time found as the reality in times of war: widowhood, single motherhood, independently managing household and property, and quick remarriage for economic reasons. As such, she is emblematic of this unique period of American history. Sources Glass, Andrew. â€Å"Congress Redesigns U.S. Flag, April 4, 1818.† Politico, 4 Apr. 2017.Leepson, Marc. Flag: an American Biography. Thomas Dunne Books, 2006.Miller, Marla R. Betsy Ross and the Making of America. St. Martins Griffin, 2011.

Factors that Affect Detachment of Bacteria from Biofilm and Research Proposal

Factors that Affect Detachment of Bacteria from Biofilm and Interactions between Free Bacteria and Those in the Biofilm - Research Proposal Example They contain a range of different microbes including, but not limited to microalgae, protozoan and bacteria. Biofilms can contain pathogenic forms of microbes . They have been proposed as a mechanism of defense for bacteria, and consist of a matrix that is able to adhere to liquid or solid surfaces . Biofilms have been shown to be more than 500 times more resistant than free bacteria to antibacterial agents . Because of their high level of resistance and stability they are able to provide effective reservoirs for pathogens, as well as survival advantages and potential increases to their virulence. Biofilms have been linked to some human disease and chronic infections, including kidney stones and cystic fibrosis infections of the lungs . More than 99% of all bacteria that is present in the world exists in biofilms , as a consequence the presence of biofilms and their role with pathogenic bacteria is an important area of study. Bacteria within and exterior to biofilms are different tha n one another in a number of ways. As well as increased resistance to antibacterial agents, bacteria within biofilms exist in an environment of cooperatively that has a primitive circulatory system and exhibit a primitive form of homeostasis . Bacteria attach to a biofilms by approaching closely so that a brief association is formed between the bacterium and either the surface or other bacteria already attached.

Discuss the extent to which foreign multinational enterprises have Research Paper

Discuss the extent to which foreign multinational enterprises have contributed to technological development in a specific indust - Research Paper Example 23-37), which have now become essential forces behind survival and success of a country internationally. Literature and course readings (Cantwell, 2001) have indicated that multinational enterprises are equipped with a number of tools through which it promotes innovation and development across nations, especially developing countries, such as trade, ventures, collaborative efforts, etc. Among these options, one major actor that plays a significant role is foreign direct investment that is also known as FDI (Balasubramanyam & Salisu, 1996, pp. 92-105). It has been an observation that for developing countries, FDI does not only bring business to the country but it also enables multinational enterprises to bring in their technologies, as well as assets from abroad that results in extraordinary outcomes for the country itself (Blomstrom & Kokko, 2003, n.p). This incoming of assets is one of the fundamental reasons that incline developing countries to give value to foreign direct investme nts in their regions. ... Particularly, economic development is not a simple notion, which has often been limited to economic progress of a country in terms of its GDP; however, analysis (Borensztein & Lee, 1995, pp. 115-124) has indicated that economic development revolves around economic, as well as social advancement of a country that often does not allow quantitative analysis. Thus, experts usually overlook aspects, such as social justice, political freedom, etc that directly or indirectly results in enhancement of standard of lifestyles of country’s population. One can understand this relationship of FDI with economic development of a country by considering evidence (Borensztein & Lee, 1995, pp. 117-131) that shows that countries with higher rate of economic growth are more likely to develop rapidly in the sectors of education and health resulting in progression in the political system, and subsequently, allocation of wealth and rights. In this regard, while one cannot quantify the relationship of economic growth and social development, it is evident that economic growth creates a positive environment for social progress, and this relationship analysis gives an idea of the role of multinational enterprises through their foreign direct investment in economic development that is holistic development of a country. Discussion In order to exemplify understanding of the above relationship, this section of the paper will include efforts of the research to analyse the role of multinational enterprises that they have been playing by contributing towards technological development in industrial sector of India. Although globalisation (Barnes & Kaplinsky, 2000, n.p) has resulted in an overflow of knowledge and information, developing countries, such as South Africa, India, etc are now depending

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The managment of corporate social responsibility in developing economies - Essay Example It is also seen that in the developing economies, monitory power is concentrated in the few industrial and corporate houses, which constitute the core area in the development. Yet another major feature of the economy is that it has emerging market with vast potential, which attracts lots of foreign investments and multinationals with their numerous products. It is a fact that government alone cannot be responsible for the socio economic development of its population. Though it provides the basic guiding principles and policy parameters of development process in the various core areas, people must also take up the cudgels to get involved into the process along with the government, if the country is to achieve the distinction of sustainable development that percolates down to the people living at poverty line. Hence, according to social scientists and economists, the corporate houses including the multinationals, must get involved in exercising their social responsibility with right earnest and contribute towards the all round development of the nation, especially the underprivileged segment of the society and the underdeveloped region which may even lack the basic infrastructural facilities. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a relatively new concept that is becoming increasing more popular among the multinationals and big corporate houses which have significant presence in a developing countries or are intending to enter the emerging market of developing economies. ‘The relationship between companies and civil society organizations has moved on from paternalistic philanthropy to a re-examination of the roles, rights and responsibilities of business in society. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), defined in terms of the responsiveness of businesses to stakeholders’ legal, ethical, social and environmental expectations, is one outcome of these developments’ (UNIDO, 2002). The last few years have seen rising cases of CSR in the socially

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Iola Leroy or, Shadows Uplifted by Frances Ellen Watkins Harper - Essay Example Harper Harper was born on September 24, 1825, in Baltimore, Maryland, and died on February 22, 1911, in Philadelphia, Pa. She was 86 years old when she died. During her lifetime she was recognized by historians as being one of the most important women of her time, not only as an African American author but also as an orator and as a social reformer.(1) interpreting the work, you will address either the question of meaning or significance. In other words, the key question (choose one) that you want to answer is: what does the work mean Answer: Problem with Themes which confuses what the novel is all about: First Paragraph introduces the work Significance of book, as well as contradictions to thesis: The book is important to American Literature because of its accurate descriptions concerning the cruelties suffered by slaves prior to and during the Civil War. (2) And while this also appears to be the main theme of the book, there are others which fight for this place. Three of these are: the life of the author as a social reformer in the late 1800's; the romantic life of Iola Leroy, who was also a social reformer, and the history of Christianity in the African American culture. One of the reasons this it is so difficult to understand the principal theme is that Harper uses two voices to tell the different stories in the novel. She uses the dialect of slaves in the first person voice to tell about the horrors they survived prior to and during the Civil War. This voice clearly tells the story of slavery in that era. The other voice is that of the third person. It is the voice of the author and speaks of her life as much or more than it does the life of Iola, the protagonist. The fact that Iola does not appear until the sixth chapter of the novel makes it more difficult to determine her place in the theme of the novel. Another confusing factor is the style of the book as a historic romance novel. Like most of these books, this novel spins a tale of fantasy romance with a happily ever after ending. In addition to these themes, the second part of the book's title implies the theme of shadows lurking over the characters in the book. One wonders if the book is about the shadows that haunt Harper as a Black American Woman or the lives of the characters in the book. Yet, this theme is not fully developed and, therefore, could not be called a central theme. This is just as true for the theme of the history of Christianity. Although the stories regarding this are entertaining they sometimes take away from the seriousness of the stories about slavery and they affects society. The back and forth movement of these stories add to the reader's confusion in searching for the meaning of the book. And there appears to be even more themes in the book, including that of the story of a Black American feminist. It is questionable as to whether or not the character of Iola is patterned after Harper's own life. Both women face discrimination, not only because of the "color" of their skin, but also because of their gender. This is a theme that could further be developed to make the novel more interesting in this respect. For example, Harper could expand on the occurrences of discrimination than Iola faces-describing more vividly how these takes place as

Racial Prejudices Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Racial Prejudices - Research Paper Example According to Allport (1954), definition of prejudice is a negative bias directed to a particular group of people. On the hand, racism is has a foundation on beliefs and shown in behaviors that believes race to be a biological entity and claims other racial groups apart from their own are psychologically, intellectually and physically inferior (Allport, 1954). Pascoe (1985) describes racism that it results from race prejudice transformation and ethnocentrism through power exercise against another racial group regarded as inferior by institutions and individuals with unintentional and intentional support of the whole culture. Therefore, the racism core includes prejudiced mentality of superiority in a in group with a power exercise to subjugate a group considered out. Therefore, as prejudice is attitudinal in nature mainly, racism extends the attitude into a discriminating behavior against another group. Many theorists have tended to explain why racial prejudice is easy to develop. Som e claim that racial prejudice is one of the by-products of evolution for adaptive strategies for survival that make humans beings to distinguish between a foe and a friend (Oskamp, 2000). Furthermore, the process of natural selection programmed the human brain to depend on physical markers in assessment of a potential threat among competing different racial groupings. This perspective is echoed in prehistoric societies where interpersonal interactions among different tribes were noted to be dangerous in transmission of deadly diseases (Allport, 1954). Adaptive reactions to these threats were to attribute a potential threat to people of an out group who were identified by different physical features. From this perspective, racism and prejudice can be and has been embedded in the cultural, biological and social collective human consciousness. Pascoe (1985) points out that many scholars have conceptualized the psychodynamic of psychological processes thought to explain racial prejudice development and maintenance among the whites. The conceptual perspective views racial prejudice as an unconscious ego mechanism for defense designed for reduction of anxiety among most experience of white people due to conflicted super ego and id based racial feelings and thoughts (Oskamp, 2000). There are different sources of racial prejudice; key among them are various forms of fear. The expectation that another person will do harm , perception that the other’s difference in viewing the world will create to one’s own challenges, presumption that by interacting it will lead to rejection, embarrassment or ridicule and the fear generation of negative consequences due to negative stereotypes. According to Allport (1954), the theoretical support that suggests forcing of people to change their behaviors will results to a long term in change of attitude relates to the theory of cognitive dissonance that stipulates that people cannot think in a particular way and contrarily behave in a manner without interfering with the belief structure. Therefore, according to Pascoe (1985), two strategies can work to this problem: First, attention should be paid to the normative exertion to change behavior as contrary to legal pressure. Second, steps to be taken to make sure that the moral pressure conveyor is someone respected, similar to the target. Oskamp (2000) adds that strategies that try to change the

Business Communication Essentials Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

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Racial Prejudices Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Knowledge Management paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Knowledge Management paper - Essay Example Knowledge is, to an enterprise or an individual, the possession of information or the ability to quickly locate it. This is essentially what Samuel Johnson, compiler of the first comprehensive English dictionary, said when he wrote that: "Knowledge is of two kinds: we know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it." (Source website http://searchcio.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,sid19_gci212448, 00.html) This knowledge is spread over the length and breadth of the company and may be part of a network, a database, in manually documented files or simply as intellectual capital. When knowledge actually present in the organisation is not structured, it is not leveraged upon and therefore causes redundancies, because of the repetitiveness of the tasks performed to acquire the same knowledge. This creates inefficiencies. Within the evolving dynamic environment in which current businesses operate, the ability to create, acquire, retain and organize knowledge assets and put it to recurring use is highly beneficial. Knowledge does not occur instantly. It takes time, effort and resources to be gained and is therefore valuable. There are numerous ways in which knowledge management has been defined. ... Shared knowledge is vital component of the knowledge management systems. This is not solely the responsibility of the infrastructure alone that serves to transfer explicit knowledge; nor is it a good substitute for transferring tacit knowledge that people are capable of. Why do we need knowledge management Possession of the right knowledge is indispensable in the competitive market place. Companies long neglected the value of knowledge but have now understood the significance of it. The environment is constantly evolving and therefore knowledge must keep pace and be updated. For example when companies lay off workforce, the workers leave with their valuable knowledge. If this knowledge is stored then it is available for the future. Similarly, growth forecasts are predicted by knowledge of customer preferences and changing trends and sufficient knowledge resources will ease the process. Globalisation has done away with geographic boundaries and therefore when similar projects are undertaken across the globe, knowledge sharing allows them to be executed with lesser risks due to practical knowledgeable experiences being available. (Source from website http://www.media-access.com/whatis.html#why) Communities of practice A Community of Practice is a group of individuals who regularly engage in sharing and learning based on their common interests or methods of working. Members of a Cop interact closely leading to better knowledge sharing (Wenger, 1998). CoP's often bridge the gap between documented processes and actual practical feasibilities. There is often a dilemma as to whether existing CoP should be geared to wards the task or whether creation of

Traditional Classical Theory Verses Positivist Theory

Traditional Classical Theory Verses Positivist Theory The reason for choosing Classical versus Positivist Theory is that these two theories were the basis of argument before the Twentieth Century, and, if studied, one could understand the discrepancies of crime theories and debates when dealing with the law, psychiatrists and deterrence(Padhy, 2006).Crime theories emerge from the study of criminology(Padhy, 2006). Criminology is a sociological branch of study utilising crime statistics, psychology and law and the scientific study of human bodies to research criminal behaviour(Padhy, 2006). To understand the implications of criminal behaviour, we need to understand crime, defined when a human being breaks the law realising this varies between countries due to different cultures and values(Padhy, 2006). The law is defined by what the legislature says, thus crime is determined by what these law agencies decide(Fletcher, 1985). Historically, Beccaria and Benthan in the Eighteenth Century emerged with the Classical Tradition of Crime, focuss ing on punishment and the crime committed(Padhy, 2006). In the Nineteenth Century with scientific enlightenment, Lombroso brought a new theory to discussion focussing on the criminal(Padhy, 2006). Positivism was based on determinism contrasting with Classical Tradition based on rationality. This forgoes individual choice and holds biological and psychological predisposition responsible, giving a new consideration for judges because of a new understanding on criminal behaviour(Padhy, 2006). In discussing the nature of human beings, Classical Theorists say that individuals possess the ability to make choices(Beccaria, 1778). Human beings are able to participate in any activity not contrary to legislation, giving free choice(Beccaria, 1778). It is when humans take this right of choice and cause damage to lives and autonomy of citizens that crime is committed(Beccaria, 1778). Both theories view crime as a breach of security causing an interruption to a peaceful society(Beccaria, 1778). Classical Theorists focus on the dependant variables of crime looking at the crime itself, compared to Positivism which focuses primarily on the independent variables of the individual and what caused this act(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). The Classical School of Crime was developed for the purpose of defining criminals as rationale human beings acting to gain benefits, where legislation was aimed to increase peace and maximise welfare(Carnis, 2004). Discussing the nature of human beings within Positivism says that human behaviour is governed by laws of nature, thus crime is predetermined(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990a). It emerged during the enlightenment period in response to specific theory testing by correlations and relationships between measured variables(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Positivist Theory encompasses the idea that human behaviour is the product of causal forces over which individuals or collectivities have little control(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990 p.418). Rejecting Classical Theories, Biological Positivism focuses on empirical evidence from the study of twins, families and genetics to emphasise the biological determinants of criminology(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Eysenck forms both Biological and Psychological Positivism, where upbringing is a form of conditioning to crime to gain a conscience of what is bad or good(Eysneck, 2006). There are two kinds of character types, introvert or extrovert. Introverts are mo re set in characteristics and difficult to condition or de-condition, whereas extroverts are easily conditioned(Eysneck, 1977). Eysenck suggests that a failure of conditioning to develop a good conscience is the cause of criminal behaviour (Eysneck, 1977). Eysenck suggests that punishment followed soon after crime can re-condition these individuals away from criminal behaviours similar to Classical Theory(Eysneck, 1977). In explaining the cause of criminal behaviour, Classical Theory explains that humans pursue happiness and pleasure and want to avoid pain(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). With free will and choice comes the influence of that individuals environment where it may limit or promote criminal behaviour(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). For an individual to commit a crime they must use force and fraud to achieve self-happiness or advantage(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). In Classical Theories motivation comes from the human and is the cause of crime. Motivation is the key in defining why the perpetrator carried out the crime, and focuses on how the target made this crime accessible(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). After the development of Positivism, thoughts of rational decisions and preconceptions of Classical Theory had to be re-evaluated(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Scientists had a new outlook based on experimental methods to question previous rational schemes that dominated criminal theories before the Nineteenth Century(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). In the view of Positivism the cause of criminal behaviour lies in measured variables(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Juxtaposed to Classical Theory, for an individual to commit a crime in the eyes of Positivist Theory they must have an inherited trait(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). With Positivism, there is no acceptance of rational behaviour but crime is explained by biological and social phenomenon. This theory emphasises there is a social reason for each specific criminal act, found through research and correlations(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Characteristics or tendencies that an individual inherits can increase their susceptibility for crimi nal behaviour, thus Positivist criminologists sustain criminals are caused to behave this way(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Lombroso also described that the cause of criminal behaviours were imbedded in physical characteristics and genetic makeup(Hamlin, n.d) In explaining crime, Traditional Classical Theories claim crime is caused by human beings acting on incentives(Ehrlich, 1996). Humans follow wilful participation of criminal and unlawful acts, explained by their own choices following self-interests(Ehrlich, 1996). Consistent with Classical Theory, Rational Choice Theory which is an extension based centrally in Classical Theory explains that human actions are based on rational choice, weighing up the advantages and disadvantages of the criminal act(Akers, 1990). Criminal activity is committed even with the informed notion of the consequences if one gets caught(Akers, 1990). Disadvantages may outweigh advantages with legal punishment thus the individual will decide not to commit the crime(Akers, 1990). This is where deterrence plays a major role in Classical Theory. The threat of legal and capital punishment aims to offset the advantages and reduce the motivation for crime(Akers, 1990). Deterrence for Classical Theories is aimed at pos itive punishment meaning reduced crime rates due to harsh consequences(Akers, 1990). Cesare Lombroso, the founder of Biological Positivism, used scientific methods to explain crime, forming the theory known as Lombrosian Atavism(Rafter, 2005). His theory is imbedded in atavism, explaining that criminals are evolutionary throwbacks to a primitive human advancement(Rafter, 2005). This earlier stage was focussed on savage behaviours because these had a greater advantage than personal and community skills(Rafter, 2005). He claimed that these socially unacceptable behaviours were inherited, thus individuals were doomed by their physical makeup to break the law'(Rafter, 2005, p.33). Using scientific principles to study the human body and mind, Lombroso said individuals are born as criminals(Rafter, 2005). Their genetic makeup is the explanation for crime; they have a predisposition and have been caused to act this way(Rafter, 2005). The irregularities Lombroso studied, lead him to find relationships between the criminal man and criminal tendencies(Rafter, 2005). Eysenck, s till within Positivism, suggested crime was caused by a lack of conditioning, where behaviour is misguided and guilt is not felt towards criminal behaviours(Eysenck, 1977). Comparing deterrence between the two theories, Classical Theory follows that punishment is measured by the injury that criminal inflicted on society(Beccaria, 1778). Beccaria condemned torture as punishment because it has been falsified in gaining truth, especially about accomplices(Beccaria, 1778). Beccaria believed that punishment should be explained to the criminal and the quicker the punishment after the inflicted crime, the more just and appropriate it will be because of a greater association between crime and punishment(Beccaria, 1778). The point of deterrence in Classical Criminology is to prevent offenders committing further crimes, thus they must realise the extent of their heinous activity, previously hidden behind the advantages of committing the crime(Beccaria, 1778). Within Classical Theory for persecutors or potential offenders deterrence is best given through restraint, physical or situational punishment(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Historically, punishments were in fi nancial dues to the Prince thus if convicted guilty you were in debt to the Crown(Beccaria, 1778). As Positivism is focussed on the pre-requisite explanation of crime, deterrence or correction in Positivist Theory must aim to identify those people with criminal tendencies, record what caused their behaviour and look at ways to adjust or prevent this behaviour(Lyons, 1977). Eysenck, suggested that if offenders were caught at a young age, they could be re-conditioned, and possibly taught about good behaviours and given a conscience against criminal acts(Eysneck, 1977). In Positivism, persecution is difficult because if the judge accepts genetic inheritance, where is the line drawn as to how much you are accountable for your criminal behaviours. Husted, Myers and Lui(2008) questioned the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans in a court case as to how much these can be accredited to understand the level to which the defendant can blame their genetic makeup. Classical and Positivist Theory cause practical implications when dealing with court orders. Judges in court must use their intuition with evidence to determine guilt(Padhy, 2006). Judges have often been said to move towards a more Classical approach insisting that humans choose to commit the crime because we are free willed and make our own decisions(Padhy, 2006). Courts must issue a sentence in the hope of preventing further criminal behaviour(Padhy, 2006). Classical Criminology emphasised to judges and juries that offenders must be deterred thus preventing further acts of criminality(AIC, 2009). Based on this deterrence, the sentence must be given equally with no regard to race, socioeconomic status and age(AIC, 2009). There is no excuse for genetic determinism if embracing Classical Criminology in the courts so procedures and sentences must be based on what the individual committed(AIC, 2009). This contrasts with Positivism where an individual can blame their genetic makeup. Posi tivism is embraced when dealing with psychologists or psychiatrists where they focus on the deterministic features(Padhy, 2006). They highlight the external environment and internal predispositions under involuntary control, thus blaming criminal behaviour on the lack of choices or free will that individual had(Padhy, 2006). In the late Twentieth Century, classical tradition re-emerged because it was used to explain deviant behaviour in adolescence(Padhy, 2006). There was a rise in juvenile crime and instead of focussing on Positivism the courts had reverted back to Classical and Rational Choice Theory where juvenile offenders were accountable for their crime(Padhy, 2006). After a crime the state had to promptly implement punishment in the hope of stopping this increase in juvenile deviance(Padhy, 2006). Both Classical and Positivist theories have their flaws. Deterrence theories are at the heart of Classical Theories. Sherman, Smith, Schmidt and Rogan(1992) conducted an experiment measuring the effect of punishment on subsequent offenders. They found that punishment and arrest did not reduce subsequent crime in domestic violence, and that in fact arrest increased undesirable behaviour especially in those who were single, unemployed and had low conformity levels(Sherman, Smith, Schmidt Rogan, 1992). This goes against the theory of deterrence in reducing further criminal activities. Positivism denied the main idea of Classical Theorists where the principles of crime causation werent based on free will and choice but focussed that there was a specific cause to that certain crime(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Positivism is based on empirical evidence thus the new emerging ideas including critical theory, poststructuralism and post modernism are offered as extensions or critiques of Positivism suggesting a way to understand societies of the modern world(Agger, 1991). Within Positivism, it must be understood that criminal acts are consistent with their level of predisposition to crime(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). However Hirschi Gottfredson(1990) report no evidence of this relationship but positive criminologists just conclude the type of crime committed from the empirical evidence that best explains it(Hirschi Gottfredson, 1990). Lombrosian Atavism was critiqued where teachers and textbooks showed vague appreciation of what he contributed to crime theories(Rafter, 2005). Lombrosos work was often ridiculed, being the first to study the characteristics of a born criminal(Rafter, 2005). Lombroso was critiqued for his lack of statistics, and there was speculation he didnt always use control groups(Vedder, Koenig and Clark, 1953; cited by Rafter, 2005). Lombroso was however credited as being the father of introducing scientific method and research into criminology(Rafter, 2005). Briefly commenting on practical and social implications of what has been discussed, Classical Theories allow for no blame on genetics, thus punishment is given in relation to damage caused(Beccaria, 1778). Correction rehabilitation is enforced to stop reoffending(AIC, 1999). Socially, these individuals may be excluded from society with home confinement, correctional centres and psychiatrist treatment and rejected from society because of their criminal stigma(LeBel, 2008). Practically, in Classical Tradition the State has a right to impose punishment to the perpetrator if they caused social harm(Padhy, 2006). Practical implications within Positivism, involves criminologists catching and persecuting criminals, recording their genetic characteristics ascertaining why they are different from non criminals and therefore developing the atavistic criminal(Lyons, 1977). Rehabilitation must focus on how to correct these imbedded criminal behaviours, whilst identifying future individuals with criminal tendencies and placing preventive measures into action. When a law of the state is broken, whether we approve or disapprove of it, is classified as a criminal act(Hart, 1958). Concluding, we have witnessed that Classical Theories hold no presuppositions that cause criminal behaviour, their decision is controlled and not influenced by pre events. Motivation for crime comes from the perpetrator and will show in the nature of criminal acts. Beccaria was the founder of Classical Tradition in the Eighteenth Century, but when the scientific revolution emerged, Positivism was a result of utilising scientific methods. Lombroso used biological explanations for crime, describing the characteristics or stigma of an atavistic criminal. Eysenck focused on both biological determinants for characteristic types and behaviour determinants as an explanation for crime where a lack of developed morals and conscience cause a criminal to not feel guilty. Both theories emphasise deterrence and correction to prevent further criminal behaviours.

Morality of Premarital Sex by Religiosity and Generation Essay

Morality of Premarital Sex by Religiosity and Generation Abstract Premarital sex is an issue that most teenagers and young couples face as they enter new phases of their relationship. The purpose of this study is to determine if there is a correlation between acceptance of sexual relations before marriage and religiosity or generation. This study is a cross-sectional, secondary analysis of the variables PREMARSX, RELPERSN, and COHORT (which was recoded into three generation categories), which were extracted from the 1998 General Social Survey (GSS). Data analysis of the three variables was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 10.0, applying Pearson's chi-square as the test of statistical significance and Cramer's V as the measure of association. The results of this study indicate that very religious people are more inclined to view premarital sexual relations as always wrong. When compared to the three generation categories, no significant correlation existed. Introduction Most couples have asked themselves whether or not sex is the next step in their relationship. It enters into both teenage and adult relationships, creating pressure for teenagers to be considered cool by peers and pressure for adults to make a commitment. For some, sex is the basis of the relationship; for others, it is not even an issue until marriage vows are proclaimed. One may conclude that people's views of premarital relations stem from their parents' teachings, from their siblings' influences, from their peer or social groups, from their religious background, or from the era in which they were raised. (â€Å"Teenage Sex, Friends and Family,† 1994, p51) As sexually... ...-------------------------------------------------------------------------- Not Wrong At All 51.69 45.20 42.62 47.48 52.17 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- n= 89 427 61 139 69 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chi-Square = 12.30, df = 12, p>.05; Cramer's V = .077 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- We can observe from the table above that there is no relationship between PREMARSX and DEGREE. The chi-square value is 12.30 and is not significant at the .05 level. The Cramer's V indicates that there is a negligible association between the variables with a value of .077.

Paper About Life -- essays research papers

The Longman dictionary of American English defines life as, the force that enables us to continue. Life in my eyes is the interval of time between birth and death. Throughout life you will be placed in situations, and put to the test of time. There will be times when you are joyous, and times when you are sorrowful. This is the period of trial and tribulation. Face the fact life is hard. Being an adolescent, a person is premature to the world. The value of an inexperienced adolescent is meaningless, compared to a person who has more experience in life. When I was younger, I payed very little attention to the values of life of life. In my eyes, life was fun and games. I felt I would always be a child, and have the never-ending support of my parents. I knew I lived an untouchable life, until tragedy struck and changed my life forever. Just a few years ago, I was put through a very emotional stage of depression. At the young age of fourteen, my mother went into cardiac arrest. I remember having a horrible dream that specific night about a death in my family. I remember hearing the cries of my father and sisters. It was thoses very cries that awoke me from my sleep. At the time of my awakening, I was very confused. It was as if I was living out my dream. As I walked the hallway, I noticed some strangers were in my home. These strangers were wearing paramedic paraphernalia. Suddenly, my heart began to skip beats. I noticed that something was not right in my home. I followed th...

National Buy Nothing Day

Buy Nothing Day was created to protest consumerism. Though some think this is a marvelous idea of giving the finger to big companies, many others don’t see the point in a day that will not be effective because of the greed of Americans for luxurious products and the counteraction of the companies that will cause consumers to buy anyway. Americans are known for desiring items that are not necessities. This is shown on Black Friday.Almost all Americans wait outside major store, such as Wal-Mart,Target, K-Mart, for hours just to have a new laptop or flat screen tv for thirty percent the normal price. Another example are products at the cashier. When most people go into a store, they have their mind preset on a product or products they are going to buy. But, usually their product list ends up unnecessarily enlarging because they see some candy they want, or even their child wants. Who wants to say no to children? Those type of products are strategically placed there for the consum ption of Americans that do not need.A Buy Nothing Day would not be so effective since Americans are willing to spend their money on just about anything they want. Buy Nothing Day would also be ineffective because of the counteraction that the companies would take to help themselves economically. If companies know about Buy Nothing Day and are against it, they are going to try to get consumers to buy their goods. The law of demand ,relating to Economics, shows that as demand lowers, prices will as well. So companies will lower their prices to get more consumers buy their products.Since Americans are greedy, they’d want the products they have at a lower price and the companies are not losing because they were originally not going to receive any profit anyway if all consumers participated in Buy Nothing Day. Buy Nothing Day is a nice thought. The attempt at unifying consumers against companies is inspiring. But, realistically, it wouldn't happen since Americans love buying thing s and companies are going to lower prices. With those to combination, there might actually be more sales that occur on Buy Nothing. Buy Nothing Day will be truly ineffective if it ends up like a Black Friday.

Meaning of Life and Success Essay

Extended Definition Essay Success The most Important thing In my life Is thought to be happiness. In order to achieve success you must adjust to very situation with ease. Success Is It the process of doing a task and receiving a positive result, or Is It simply achieving ones own personal goals. According to The American Heritage dictionary success Is, â€Å"the achievement of something desired, planned, or attempt†. The word success itself means to achieve your goal or get the point that you looking for. Some people success meant to them to be rich or to finish school and work high pay Jobs. But for me success means more han that. Success means to me have peace and love; also to get married and to enter heaven after this life is over. To be sure, everybody who has peace and love is a successful succeeding person. Wthout peace and love there is no success. You wake up in the morning and you don’t worry about anything that day; that is success for me, because the life is short, you dont have to be concerned about anything. Also if you have a family that loves you and is always happy for what you are doing, that is success. In addition, if you take care of your old parents and they love you and they live a happy life, which is uccess tor me. Additionally, success Is also something that Is viewed differently In the eyes of everyone. This is because success means doing what I have always wanted do being where I have always wanted to be. My goal In life Is to eventually get married toa good wife and have many happy children and If I accomplished that, then I could view myself as having success. Lastly, meaning of success for me Is to enter the heaven after this life Is over. We know that life in this world is too short, and we don’t know when we are going to die and what we are going to get after this life. That is a simple answer; do good deeds in this world and you are going to be successful in the Ife hereafter. That means you enter the heaven for sure and that is big reward from God to his mankind. There is no dying after this life; that means f you dont enter the heaven you will be the loser and who ever go in the heaven will be the winner. In conclusion, I still agree with the Idea I presented: however according to the dictionary and many other resources, success means to them achievement. But according to my own opinion success means to believe the ones of God, and to have eace and love in your whole life, and to get in heaven the life hereafter. Meaning of Life and Success BY elm12696 The most important thing in my life is thought to be happiness. In order to achieve success you must adjust to very situation with ease. Success is it the process of doing a task and receiving a positive result, or is it simply achieving one’s own personal goals. According to The American Heritage dictionary success is, â€Å"the achievement of Without peace and love there is no success. You wake up in the morning and you you don’t have to be concerned about anything. Also if you have a family that loves uccess for me. Additionally, success is also something that is viewed differently in the eyes of where I have always wanted to be. My goal in life is to eventually get married to a good wife and have many happy children and if I accomplished that, then I could Lastly, meaning of success for me is to enter the heaven after this life is over. We this world and you are going to be successful in the life hereafter. That means you no dying after this life; that means if you don’t enter the heaven you will be the loser In conclusion, I still agree with the idea I presented: however according to the